AKT plays an important role in cellular survival pathways by inhibiting apoptotic processes and is one of the major downstream targets of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key kinase acting downstream of the activation of PI3K. Phosphorylation of AKT (pAKT) is commonly evaluated as a pharmacodynamic biomarker, and the total AKT assay is sometimes used in conjunction with assessment of pAkt.